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The piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex, is a region in the brain, part of the rhinencephalon situated in the cerebrum. The function of the piriform cortex relates to olfaction.
In human anatomy, the piriform cortex has been described as consisting of the cortical amygdala, uncus, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus. (2025). 9781416034452, Saunders. ISBN 9781416034452 More specifically, the human piriform cortex is located between the insular cortex and the temporal lobe, anteriorly and laterally of the amygdala.Howard, J. D., Plailly, J., Grueschow, M., Haynes, J. D., & Gottfried, J. A. (2009). Odor quality coding and categorization in human posterior piriform cortex. Nature neuroscience, 12(7), 932-938. Supplementary material, p.4Mai, J. K. & Paxinos, G. (2008). Atlas of the human brain, 3rd edition. San Diego:: Academic Press. Coronal Atlas – Plate 8 (anterior view). online: http://www.thehumanbrain.info/head_brain/hn_horizontal_atlas/horizontal.html
The piriform cortex in rodents and some primates has been shown to harbor cells expressing markers of plasticity such as doublecortin and PSA-NCAM which are modulated by the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system.
The piriform cortex is among three areas that emerge in the telencephalon of amphibians, situated caudally to a dorsal area, which is caudal to a hippocampal area. Further along the phylogeny, the telencephalic bulb of reptiles as viewed in a cross section of the transverse plane extends with the archipallium hippocampus folding toward the midline and down as the dorsal area begins to form a recognizable cortex.
As mammalian brains developed, volume of the dorsal cortex increased in slightly greater proportion, as compared proportionally with increased overall brain volume, until it enveloped the hippocampus regions. Recognized as neopallium or neocortex, enlarged dorsal areas envelop the paleopallium piriform cortex in and Old World monkeys.
Among taxonomic groupings of mammals, the piriform cortex and the olfactory bulb become proportionally smaller in the brains of phylogeny younger species. The piriform cortex occupies a greater proportion of the overall brain and of the telencephalic brains of than in . The piriform cortex continues to occupy a consistent albeit small and declining proportion of the increasingly large telencephalon in the most recent primate species while the volume of the olfactory bulb becomes less in proportion.
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